benzene cancer slope factor

Values for delta-BHC (delta-hexachlorocyclohexane), tert-butylbenzene, cobalt, cymene, iron, magnesium, Oral Slope Factor (mg/kg-day)-1: 1.30e+04: Inhalation Unit Risk (ug/m3)-1: 3.80e+00: Chronic Oral Reference Dose (mg/kg-day) . . The ECR was calculated by multiplying the cancer intake value by the cancer slope factor (CSF) value. 907-916. There are not enough data to prove its carcinogenicity. factor (SF). Cancer Benzene Benzo(a)Pyrene Naphthalene Methylnaphthalene. Tumor site(s): Not Applicable . Chemical Name: Isopropyl benzene (Cumene) CAS #: 98-82-8 Revised By: RRD Toxicology Unit Revision Date: September 24, 2015 (A) Chemical-Physical Properties . A slope factor is an upper bound, approximating a 95% confidence limit, on the increased cancer risk from a lifetime exposure to an agent by ingestion or inhalation. This paper summarizes this risk assessment. DISCUSSION BOX Cancer Risk Calculation Cancer Potency Factor (mg/kg-d)-1. A well-known, cancer-causing chemical is benzene. Source of cancer slope factor (SF): Not Applicable . According to International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), benzene (group 1), ethylbenzene (group 2B), and toluene and xylenes (group 3) are categorized as human carcinogen, . Benzene: 2.73 × 10 -2 . . 7/13 ; 2.0E . The cancer slope factor (CSF) for benzene and the reference dose (RfD) for each contaminant were obtained from the US EPA's online IRIS system . . Occupational exposure of workers at Bituminous production units to Benzene, Toluene compounds might increase the risk of cancer for them. 17 Extrapolation from an inhalation to an oral slope factor in the earlier IRIS entry for 18 benzene was based on conversion between the standard intake factors . The USEPA inhalation slope factor derived for benzene was used to quantitatively estimate the excess cancer risk at C EXP50 and C EXP95 in terms of lifetime exposure (LADD) in the various scenarios by using Equation (4): Cancer Risk = LADD (µg/kg/day) × SF (µg/kg/day) −1 (4) where SF is slope factor for benzene ( Table 3 ). Where LADD and SF represent the lifetime average dose (mg/kg/day) and the slope factor . In the support document for the benzene cancer assessment on IRIS (U.S. EPA, 1999), EPA provided a simple method for extrapolation of benzene-induced cancer risk from the inhalation . Chemical Name. Benzene 71-43-2 78.11 6.17E+01 1 5.55E-03 1 8.80E-02 1 9.80E-06 1 1.75E+03 1 Benz(a)anthracene 56-55-3 228.29 3.58E+05 1 3.35E-06 1 5.10E-02 1 9.00E-06 1 9.40E-03 1 Benzo(a)pyrene 50-32-8 252.32 9.69E+05 1 1.13E-06 1 4.30E-02 1 9.00E-06 1 1.60E . Date. F 1,3-BUTADIENE. Cumene (isopropyl benzene) 98-82-8 Oral Reference Dose: 0.1 Oral Slope Factor: Carcinogen Group: D Basis: IRIS Slope Factor: Ground water Soil Surface water Basis: Basis: Oral Reference Dose: . The Oral Slope Factor study target organ is blood. International Guidelines for the Ingestion of Benzene Regulatory Agency Pivotal Study Endpoint (cancer/non-cancer) . However, there is a higher cancer risk at OPEN ACCESS The Oral Slope Factor is based on the U.S. EPA study from 1999. demonstrating a significant positive association between melanoma and exposure to benzene and polycyclic . Help. risk per µg/m 3, is first converted to the oral slope factor, which is in units of risk per µg/kg-day, by assuming a standard air intake of 20 m 3/day, a standard body weight of 70 kg, and 50% absorption via inhalation. Cancer Slope Factor : A number assigned to a cancer causing chemical that is used to estimate its ability to cause cancer in humans. Compound Specific Approach for: Noncancer Toluene Ethylbenzene Xylene. Occurrence/Use. (1/mg/kg/d) Inhalation slope factor. Slope Factors (SF) from US EPA. Example Problem. This is 160 times higher than our estimate due to the use of. (1981), and Wong et al. We also quantitate the large between-study heterogeneity that exists in this literature, a factor which is crucial for the interpretation of single-study or consensus slopes. 106-99- . There are not enough data to prove its carcinogenicity. Volatile: Yes (high) Summary of Guidance Value History: A non-cancer health risk limit (HRL) of 1000 µg/L was promulgated in 1993/1994. Cancer slope factor for toluene and xylene did not exist due to the controversy of human carcinogenicity. Benzene: 2.73 × 10 -2 . Comparison to NTP study for non-cancer endpoint used mouse LOAEL of 18 mg/kg bw/d and an UF of 3000 (10x10x10x3) RfD (TDI) . Cancer slope factors (CSF) estimate the risk of cancer associated with exposure to a carcinogenic or potentially carcinogenic substance. The drinking water unit risk was then calculated from the oral slope factor assuming a drinking water intake of 2 liters/ day. Toluene and xylene are non-carcinogenic, but they may produce reproductive adverse effects; especially when exposures are chronic at low to high concentrations [ 27 ]. 4, 2016, pp. The OSF can be multiplied by an estimate of lifetime exposure (in mg/kg-day) to estimate the lifetime cancer risk. . Lifetime Cancer Risk and Hazard Quotient of BTXs Compounds in Iranian Petrochemical and Petroleum Depot Workers List of abbreviations. Cancer slope factor for toluene and xylene did not exist due to the controversy of human carcinogenicity. Cancer risks are assumed to be cumulative, which means the total cancer risk is the sum of all individual cancer risks. SOLUTION: 3 3 4 (30 / )(350 / )(70 ) The average concentration of aflatoxin in peanut butter is 3 ppb and the average amount of peanut butter in a sandwich is 30 g. Assume that the carcinogenic slope factor for aflatoxin is 2900 (mg/kg • d)-1. For cancer risk assessments, the hazard is generally assumed to be the slope factor and the long-term exposure is the lifetime average daily dose: (5.11) Cancer risk = S F × L A D D Therefore, cancer risk can be calculated if the exposure (LADD) and potency (slope factor) are known (see Discussion Box). (1/mg/kg/d) Volatile Organic Compound. Air Toxics Hot Spots Program Technical Support Document for Cancer Potencies. Abstract. Extrapolation from an inhalation to an oral slope factor in the earlier IRIS entry for benzene was based on conversion between the standard intake factors for air and water (U.S. Triyadi, Dimas, et al. Oral slope factor (OSF) is an estimate of the increased cancer risk from oral exposure to a dose of 1 mg/kg-day for a lifetime. Health Effects of Benzene. We also quantitate the large between-study heterogeneity that exists in this literature, a factor which is crucial for the interpretation of single-study or consensus slopes. The result suggests a potential cancer risk for exposure to benzene in all the scenarios. The current cancer slope factor and occupational standards for benzene are based primarily on studies of the rubber hydrochloride (Pliofilm) workers. (4) Physical Properties The chemical formula for benzene is C 6 H 6, and it has a molecular weight of 78.11 g/mol. 1999 Cancer Draft Guidelines: KNOWN - Known carcinogen CANTDET - Can not determine carcinogenic classification slope factor - this is the cancer risk per unit of dose - multiplying the slope factor times the dose equals the increased risk of cancer • the total increased cancer risk for each scenario is the sum of the increased risk for each contaminant Oral Slope Factors •§•••••••111 Page 22 • Benzene 0.029 milligrams per kilogram . TAC. }, doi = {}, url . Assume intake rates shown in your text( 2L/day). . 11.11 Assuming an inhalation cancer slope factor for benzene of 5 x 10-6 (mg/ kg • d)-1, calculate the concentration in air . However, EPA cancer risk assessments may be conducted differently than envisioned in the cancer guidelines for many reasons, including (but not limited to) new 1-2 EPA has calculated an oral cancer slope factor ranging from 1.5 x 10-2 to 5.5 x 10-2 (mg/kg/d)-1 that is an extrapolation from inhalation dose-response data. Benzene (CASRN 71-43-2) . Unit dosage with age sensitivity . Previous assessments of this cohort by . Updated 2011. . The inhalation cancer potency factor of benzene, formaldehyde, 1,3 butadiene, arsenic, 2,3,7,8-TCDD, and DPM is 1 × 10 -1, 2.1 × 10 -2, 6.0 × 10 -1, 1.2 × 10 1, 5.1 × 10 2, 1.3 × 10 5, and 1.1 kg-day mg -1, respectively (OEHHA/ARB, 2015). Results of long-term experimental . CANCER SLOPE FACTORS AND REFERENCE DOSES COMPOUND CAS # SF o REF SF i REF RfD o REF RfD i REF ABS . Air Toxics Hot Spots Program Technical Support Document for Cancer Potencies. Benzene 71-43-2 Oral Reference Dose: Oral Slope Factor: 0.23 Carcinogen Group: A Basis: NJDWQI A . Short-term, Slope Factors for Carcinogens from Health Canada. Cancer Oral Slope Factor (mg/kg-d)-1 Chronic Inhalation REL (ug/m3) Chronic Oral . Concentration . Geom-plots were used to represent the BTEX contamination values for . The result suggests a potential cancer risk for exposure to benzene in all the scenarios. Appendix B. Chemical-specific summaries of the information used to derive unit risk and cancer potency values. Cancer slope factor. Benzene 71-43-2 0.1 3 Benzo(a)anthracene 56-55-3 0.39 1.2 Benzo(a)pyrene 50-32-8 3.9 12.0 Benzo(b)fluoranthene 205-99-2 0.39 1.2 Benzo(k)fluoranthene 207-08-9 0.39 1.2 Beryllium 7440-41-7 8.4 0.007 Bromomethane 74-83-9 5 1,3-Butadiene 106-99- 0.6 2 . Particularly, benzene and ethylbenzene exposure is linked with an increased risk of leukemia and hematopoietic cancers [ 24, 25, 26 ]. The CREG is a comparison value used to select contaminants of potential health concern and is based on the cancer slope factor (CSF). Maltoni, C., Ciliberti, A., Pinto, C. (1997). Introduction and objective: In 2012 actual concentrations of benzene in the villages (9,000 people) near one of the largest in the world oil and gas condensate fields (Kazakhstan, Central Asia) . Hematotoxicity of benzene—occupational exposure ...30 Table 2. The 95 % cancer risk value of prediction of benzene, carbon tetrachloride, and 1,3-butadiene was all greater than 1.0E-04, suggesting that . The method is based on the relative efficiency of benzene absorption . Experimental studies on benzene carcinogenicity at the Bologna Institute of Oncology: Current results and ongoing research. (4) Physical Properties The chemical formula for benzene is C 6 H 6, and it has a molecular weight of 78.11 g/mol. 11.11 Assuming an inhalation cancer slope factor for benzene of 5 x 10-6 (mg/ kg • d)-1, calculate the concentration in air . Am J Ind Med, 7, 415-446. Tumor site(s): liver and kidney . . However, there is a higher cancer risk at 95% (CEXP95) for petroleum refinery workers . INTRODUCTION 6.6E+02 . Cancer Slope Factor A number assigned to a cancer causing chemical that is used to estimate its ability to cause cancer in humans. The 95 % cancer risks of benzene were predicted to be 2.24E-03, greater than 1.0E-03, meaning the significant risk. 1986 Cancer Guidelines: Group A - Human carcinogen Group B - Probable human carcinogen . . Inhalation Slope Factor (mg/kg-day)-1: 1.0 E-1. Statistical analyses were performed using RStudio 1.0.136. (U.S. EPA, 1979, 1985, 1998; ATSDR, 1997). Non-Cancer Toluene 0.2 - Ethylbenzene 0.1 ­ Xylene 2.0 ­ Cancer Benzene 0.005 0.029 Benzo(a)pyrene - 7.3. Computed by Lexichem TK 2.7.0 (PubChem release 2021.05.07) PubChem. Oral Slope Factor: 2 x 10-3 per mg/kg-day Extrapolation Method: Multistage model with linear extrapolation from the point of departure (BMDL 10). The ground water in City X, which is the source of the city's drinking water, is contaminated with 5 µg/L of benzene. Source of cancer slope factor (SF): Not Applicable . demonstrate that benzene is metabolized to the same products, whether inhaled or ingested. cause no more than one excess cancer in a million persons exposed over a lifetime. 15.1.9 International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Classification. The Inhalation Unit Risk is 7.8E-03 (mg/m 3) -1. Part 201 Value Updated Value Reference Source Comments Molecular Weight (g/mol) 122.16 120.20 EPI EXP Physical State at ambient temp Liquid MDEQ Melting Point (˚C) 177 -96.00 EPI EXP Table 10.7 quotes a slope factor range from 1.5 x 10-2 to 5.5 x 10-2 (mg/kg day)-1 for benzene. Tumor site(s): Hepatic Tumor type(s): Hepatocellular carcinomas or adenomas (Serota et al., 1986b) Note: ADAF -- EPA has concluded that dichloromethane is carcinogenic by a mutagenic mode of action. Using the oral slope factor @ 10-6: 0.018 - 0.066 µg/kg bw/d: Health Canada (1987) substances such as benzene, toluene, methylene chloride, and methyl chloroform. CSF (Cancer Slope Factor) value uses the value set by US-EPA of 0.055 mg/kg. p-OSF provisional oral slope factor . Under the proposed revised Carcinogen Risk Assessment Guidelines (U.S. EPA, 1996), benzene is characterized as a known human carcinogen for all routes of exposure based upon convincing human evidence as well as supporting evidence from animal studies. The . of 0.096 mg/m3 for inhaled benzene was converted to an equivalent BMDL 0.25sdADJ for ingested benzene using EPA (1988b) human reference values for inhalation rate (20 m3/day) and body weight (70 kg) and a factor of 0.5 to adjust for differences in absorption of benzene following inhalation versus oral exposure (50 versus 100%, respectively) Previous assessments of this cohort by Rinsky et al. F ACETALDEHYDE . The derived consensus slope can be used as a best estimate of the quantitative relationship between real-life benzene exposure and genetic damage in future risk assessment. The Oral Slope Factor is 5.50E-02 (mg/kg-day) -1. 9 .SUBJECT TERMS 15. factor (mg/kg-day)-1 IELCR Target Benzene 6.12 x 10-4 0.029 1.8 x 10-5 Kidney MED 7 Liver MEDD 0.7 Liver Total Kidney c . Oral Slope Factor (mg/kg-d)-1] M. e W A . . The Oral Slope Factor study cancer type is leukemia. Using the oral slope factor @ 10-6: 0.018 - 0.066 µg/kg bw/d: Health Canada (1987) 2.1.2 . The excess Cancer risk (CR) for lifetime exposure to benzene for all the scenarios was evaluated using the Slope Factor and Overall Risk Probability (ORP) methods. 1,2,3-trichloro-5-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)benzene. Iranian Journal of health, Safety and environment . Oral Slope Factor (mg/kg-day)-1: . Risk was characterized using two distinct methods: USEPA's default type of risk assessment, which used the Reference Dose (RfD) and Cancer Slope Factor (CSF) to characterize non-cancer and cancer risks, as well as a Margin of Safety (MOS) approach that utilized a point of departure (POD). (1983) (U.S. EPA, 1992a,b). Aethylbenzol; EB; Ethyl benzene; Ethylbenzol; NCI-C56393; Phenylethane. Therefore, it is reasonable to extrapolate from inhalation to oral cancer risk. Reconstruction of Benzene Exposure for the Pliofilm Cohort (1936-1976) Using Monte Carlo Techniques Abstract The current cancer slope factor and occupational standards for benzene are based primarily on studies of the rubber hydrochloride (Pliofilm) workers. Drinking diet soda 30 12-oz c ans Cancer caused by saccharin Drinking alcohol 0.55 L wi ne Cirrhosis of liver Rock climbing 1.5 min on rock face Fatal fall . 4) Benzene occurs as a The oral and inhalation slope factors for benzene are 2.9E-2 (mg/kg/day) -1 and the oral and inhalation unit risk values are 8.3E-7 and 8.3E-6, respectively, based on the studies of Ott et al. Median benzene urine metabolites, by exposure category, in a study of workers exposed to benzene in Shanghai, China, 1992 ...40 Table 3. The cancer risk for workers exposed to Benzene is -calculated in the range of 8.15×10 7 and a quantitative non-cancer risk value for Toluene is also calculated in the range of 0.000176. The concentration of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene in ambient air of . Slope factor (SF): Not Applicable . New Window . BENZENE. Benzene's slope factor is SF = 0.029 (mg/kg.day)-1 [Note: This is the inhalat ion value, not the oral intake value]. A simple method for extrapolation of benzene-induced cancer risk from the inhalation to oral route is proposed. In calculating the health risk . Edokpolo et al. Cancer slope factor (CSF): An estimate of possible increases in cancer cases in a population. Oral Slope Factor (mg/kg-day)-1: . To ensure no other factors, e.g., smoking, affected the readings, this outdoor personal air sampling study was designed to minimize any confounders arising from smoking and/or passive smoking which may appear during different tasks during working time, especially during indoor activities. 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